Reshaping Cultural Heritage Protection Policies at a Time of Securitisation: France, Italy, and the United Kingdom

In the context of the increasing securitisation of cultural heritage,France, Italy, and the United Kingdom have reacted differently to therecent wave of iconoclasm perpetrated by the Islamic State of Iraq andSyria (ISIS) and similar radical groups and terrorist organisations. Withcultural heritage now discursively identified as a security concern, thethree states enacted security practices to deal with the newly emergedsecurity threats. All three cases show a tight association between theprotection of cultural heritage, development and security policies.State-driven cultural heritage protection policies continue to bedesigned around the notion of multilateral cooperation, althoughinnovative forms of public-private multilateralism and civil-militarycooperation are increasingly being introduced