Microwave-assisted green synthesis of fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) using Azadirachta indica leaves: enhanced synergistic action of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects and unveiling computational insights

Antibiotic resistance remains a global health challenge, necessitating the development of novel antimicrobial treatments. In this study, we report the microwave-assisted green synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) using Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract. Comprehensive characterization of GQDs via FT-IR, UV-vis, TEM, and EDX confirmed their formation and stability, revealing distinct functional groups and photoluminescent properties. The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of GQDs surpassed those of the neem extract, showing enhanced bioactivity. Furthermore, molecular docking and computational analysis provided insights into the binding interactions, energy profiles, and safety parameters of GQDs, supporting the experimental findings. This work demonstrates the potential of GQDs as multifunctional agents in biomedical applications, offering a sustainable approach to combating microbial resistance.